cpp-9

CPP(1)                                GNU                               CPP(1)

NAME
       cpp - The C Preprocessor

SYNOPSIS
       cpp [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]
           [-Idir...] [-iquotedir...]
           [-M|-MM] [-MG] [-MF filename]
           [-MP] [-MQ target...]
           [-MT target...]
           infile [[-o] outfile]

       Only the most useful options are given above; see below for a more
       complete list of preprocessor-specific options.  In addition, cpp
       accepts most gcc driver options, which are not listed here.  Refer to
       the GCC documentation for details.

DESCRIPTION
       The C preprocessor, often known as cpp, is a macro processor that is
       used automatically by the C compiler to transform your program before
       compilation.  It is called a macro processor because it allows you to
       define macros, which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs.

       The C preprocessor is intended to be used only with C, C++, and
       Objective-C source code.  In the past, it has been abused as a general
       text processor.  It will choke on input which does not obey C's lexical
       rules.  For example, apostrophes will be interpreted as the beginning
       of character constants, and cause errors.  Also, you cannot rely on it
       preserving characteristics of the input which are not significant to
       C-family languages.  If a Makefile is preprocessed, all the hard tabs
       will be removed, and the Makefile will not work.

       Having said that, you can often get away with using cpp on things which
       are not C.  Other Algol-ish programming languages are often safe (Ada,
       etc.) So is assembly, with caution.  -traditional-cpp mode preserves
       more white space, and is otherwise more permissive.  Many of the
       problems can be avoided by writing C or C++ style comments instead of
       native language comments, and keeping macros simple.

       Wherever possible, you should use a preprocessor geared to the language
       you are writing in.  Modern versions of the GNU assembler have macro
       facilities.  Most high level programming languages have their own
       conditional compilation and inclusion mechanism.  If all else fails,
       try a true general text processor, such as GNU M4.

       C preprocessors vary in some details.  This manual discusses the GNU C
       preprocessor, which provides a small superset of the features of ISO
       Standard C.  In its default mode, the GNU C preprocessor does not do a
       few things required by the standard.  These are features which are
       rarely, if ever, used, and may cause surprising changes to the meaning
       of a program which does not expect them.  To get strict ISO Standard C,
       you should use the -std=c90, -std=c99, -std=c11 or -std=c17 options,
       depending on which version of the standard you want.  To get all the
       mandatory diagnostics, you must also use -pedantic.

       This manual describes the behavior of the ISO preprocessor.  To
       minimize gratuitous differences, where the ISO preprocessor's behavior
       does not conflict with traditional semantics, the traditional
       preprocessor should behave the same way.  The various differences that
       do exist are detailed in the section Traditional Mode.

       For clarity, unless noted otherwise, references to CPP in this manual
       refer to GNU CPP.

OPTIONS
       The cpp command expects two file names as arguments, infile and
       outfile.  The preprocessor reads infile together with any other files
       it specifies with #include.  All the output generated by the combined
       input files is written in outfile.

       Either infile or outfile may be -, which as infile means to read from
       standard input and as outfile means to write to standard output.  If
       either file is omitted, it means the same as if - had been specified
       for that file.  You can also use the -o outfile option to specify the
       output file.

       Unless otherwise noted, or the option ends in =, all options which take
       an argument may have that argument appear either immediately after the
       option, or with a space between option and argument: -Ifoo and -I foo
       have the same effect.

       Many options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter
       options may not be grouped: -dM is very different from -d -M.

       -D name
           Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

       -D name=definition
           The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they
           appeared during translation phase three in a #define directive.  In
           particular, the definition is truncated by embedded newline
           characters.

           If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
           program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
           characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.

           If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
           write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
           equals sign (if any).  Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
           so you should quote the option.  With sh and csh,
           -D'name(args...)=definition' works.

           -D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the
           command line.  All -imacros file and -include file options are
           processed after all -D and -U options.

       -U name
           Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided
           with a -D option.

       -include file
           Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line of
           the primary source file.  However, the first directory searched for
           file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the
           directory containing the main source file.  If not found there, it
           is searched for in the remainder of the "#include "..."" search
           chain as normal.

           If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
           the order they appear on the command line.

       -imacros file
           Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by scanning
           file is thrown away.  Macros it defines remain defined.  This
           allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
           processing its declarations.

           All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
           specified by -include.

       -undef
           Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros.  The
           standard predefined macros remain defined.

       -pthread
           Define additional macros required for using the POSIX threads
           library.  You should use this option consistently for both
           compilation and linking.  This option is supported on GNU/Linux
           targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86 Cygwin and
           MinGW targets.

       -M  Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
           suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source
           file.  The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object
           file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the
           included files, including those coming from -include or -imacros
           command-line options.

           Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the object file name
           consists of the name of the source file with any suffix replaced
           with object file suffix and with any leading directory parts
           removed.  If there are many included files then the rule is split
           into several lines using \-newline.  The rule has no commands.

           This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such
           as -dM.  To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
           rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
           -MF, or use an environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT.
           Debug output is still sent to the regular output stream as normal.

           Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses warnings with
           an implicit -w.

       -MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found in system
           header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or
           indirectly, from such a header.

           This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in
           an #include directive does not in itself determine whether that
           header appears in -MM dependency output.

       -MF file
           When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the
           dependencies to.  If no -MF switch is given the preprocessor sends
           the rules to the same place it would send preprocessed output.

           When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF overrides the
           default dependency output file.

           If file is -, then the dependencies are written to stdout.

       -MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting dependency
           generation, -MG assumes missing header files are generated files
           and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error.  The
           dependency filename is taken directly from the "#include" directive
           without prepending any path.  -MG also suppresses preprocessed
           output, as a missing header file renders this useless.

           This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.

       -MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency
           other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing.  These
           dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header
           files without updating the Makefile to match.

           This is typical output:

                   test.o: test.c test.h

                   test.h:

       -MT target
           Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation.  By
           default CPP takes the name of the main input file, deletes any
           directory components and any file suffix such as .c, and appends
           the platform's usual object suffix.  The result is the target.

           An -MT option sets the target to be exactly the string you specify.
           If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a single
           argument to -MT, or use multiple -MT options.

           For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give

                   $(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

       -MQ target
           Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are special to
           Make.  -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives

                   $$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

           The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
           with -MQ.

       -MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not implied.
           The driver determines file based on whether an -o option is given.
           If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix of .d,
           otherwise it takes the name of the input file, removes any
           directory components and suffix, and applies a .d suffix.

           If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is understood
           to specify the dependency output file, but if used without -E, each
           -o is understood to specify a target object file.

           Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a dependency
           output file as a side effect of the compilation process.

       -MMD
           Like -MD except mention only user header files, not system header
           files.

       -fpreprocessed
           Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
           preprocessed.  This suppresses things like macro expansion,
           trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of
           most directives.  The preprocessor still recognizes and removes
           comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the
           compiler without problems.  In this mode the integrated
           preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.

           -fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of the
           extensions .i, .ii or .mi.  These are the extensions that GCC uses
           for preprocessed files created by -save-temps.

       -fdirectives-only
           When preprocessing, handle directives, but do not expand macros.

           The option's behavior depends on the -E and -fpreprocessed options.

           With -E, preprocessing is limited to the handling of directives
           such as "#define", "#ifdef", and "#error".  Other preprocessor
           operations, such as macro expansion and trigraph conversion are not
           performed.  In addition, the -dD option is implicitly enabled.

           With -fpreprocessed, predefinition of command line and most builtin
           macros is disabled.  Macros such as "__LINE__", which are
           contextually dependent, are handled normally.  This enables
           compilation of files previously preprocessed with "-E
           -fdirectives-only".

           With both -E and -fpreprocessed, the rules for -fpreprocessed take
           precedence.  This enables full preprocessing of files previously
           preprocessed with "-E -fdirectives-only".

       -fdollars-in-identifiers
           Accept $ in identifiers.

       -fextended-identifiers
           Accept universal character names in identifiers.  This option is
           enabled by default for C99 (and later C standard versions) and C++.

       -fno-canonical-system-headers
           When preprocessing, do not shorten system header paths with
           canonicalization.

       -ftabstop=width
           Set the distance between tab stops.  This helps the preprocessor
           report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
           appear on the line.  If the value is less than 1 or greater than
           100, the option is ignored.  The default is 8.

       -ftrack-macro-expansion[=level]
           Track locations of tokens across macro expansions. This allows the
           compiler to emit diagnostic about the current macro expansion stack
           when a compilation error occurs in a macro expansion. Using this
           option makes the preprocessor and the compiler consume more memory.
           The level parameter can be used to choose the level of precision of
           token location tracking thus decreasing the memory consumption if
           necessary. Value 0 of level de-activates this option. Value 1
           tracks tokens locations in a degraded mode for the sake of minimal
           memory overhead. In this mode all tokens resulting from the
           expansion of an argument of a function-like macro have the same
           location. Value 2 tracks tokens locations completely. This value is
           the most memory hungry.  When this option is given no argument, the
           default parameter value is 2.

           Note that "-ftrack-macro-expansion=2" is activated by default.

       -fmacro-prefix-map=old=new
           When preprocessing files residing in directory old, expand the
           "__FILE__" and "__BASE_FILE__" macros as if the files resided in
           directory new instead.  This can be used to change an absolute path
           to a relative path by using . for new which can result in more
           reproducible builds that are location independent.  This option
           also affects "__builtin_FILE()" during compilation.  See also
           -ffile-prefix-map.

       -fexec-charset=charset
           Set the execution character set, used for string and character
           constants.  The default is UTF-8.  charset can be any encoding
           supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.

       -fwide-exec-charset=charset
           Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
           character constants.  The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
           corresponds to the width of "wchar_t".  As with -fexec-charset,
           charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv"
           library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
           that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".

       -finput-charset=charset
           Set the input character set, used for translation from the
           character set of the input file to the source character set used by
           GCC.  If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this
           information from the locale, the default is UTF-8.  This can be
           overridden by either the locale or this command-line option.
           Currently the command-line option takes precedence if there's a
           conflict.  charset can be any encoding supported by the system's
           "iconv" library routine.

       -fworking-directory
           Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
           let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of
           preprocessing.  When this option is enabled, the preprocessor
           emits, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the
           current working directory followed by two slashes.  GCC uses this
           directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the
           directory emitted as the current working directory in some
           debugging information formats.  This option is implicitly enabled
           if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with
           the negated form -fno-working-directory.  If the -P flag is present
           in the command line, this option has no effect, since no "#line"
           directives are emitted whatsoever.

       -A predicate=answer
           Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
           This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
           which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
           characters.

       -A -predicate=answer
           Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.

       -C  Do not discard comments.  All comments are passed through to the
           output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
           deleted along with the directive.

           You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
           the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
           For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
           directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
           ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
           longer a #.

       -CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion.  This is
           like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
           passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.

           In addition to the side effects of the -C option, the -CC option
           causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
           C-style comments.  This is to prevent later use of that macro from
           inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.

           The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.

       -P  Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
           preprocessor.  This might be useful when running the preprocessor
           on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
           which might be confused by the linemarkers.

       -traditional
       -traditional-cpp
           Try to imitate the behavior of pre-standard C preprocessors, as
           opposed to ISO C preprocessors.

           Note that GCC does not otherwise attempt to emulate a pre-standard
           C compiler, and these options are only supported with the -E
           switch, or when invoking CPP explicitly.

       -trigraphs
           Support ISO C trigraphs.  These are three-character sequences, all
           starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C to stand for single
           characters.  For example, ??/ stands for \, so '??/n' is a
           character constant for a newline.

           By default, GCC ignores trigraphs, but in standard-conforming modes
           it converts them.  See the -std and -ansi options.

       -remap
           Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
           very short file names, such as MS-DOS.

       -H  Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
           normal activities.  Each name is indented to show how deep in the
           #include stack it is.  Precompiled header files are also printed,
           even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header
           file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .

       -dletters
           Says to make debugging dumps during compilation as specified by
           letters.  The flags documented here are those relevant to the
           preprocessor.  Other letters are interpreted by the compiler
           proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are silently
           ignored.  If you specify letters whose behavior conflicts, the
           result is undefined.

           -dM Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define
               directives for all the macros defined during the execution of
               the preprocessor, including predefined macros.  This gives you
               a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
               preprocessor.  Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command

                       touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h

               shows all the predefined macros.

           -dD Like -dM except in two respects: it does not include the
               predefined macros, and it outputs both the #define directives
               and the result of preprocessing.  Both kinds of output go to
               the standard output file.

           -dN Like -dD, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.

           -dI Output #include directives in addition to the result of
               preprocessing.

           -dU Like -dD except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
               definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output;
               the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
               #undef directives are also output for macros tested but
               undefined at the time.

       -fdebug-cpp
           This option is only useful for debugging GCC.  When used from CPP
           or with -E, it dumps debugging information about location maps.
           Every token in the output is preceded by the dump of the map its
           location belongs to.

           When used from GCC without -E, this option has no effect.

       -I dir
       -iquote dir
       -isystem dir
       -idirafter dir
           Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
           header files during preprocessing.

           If dir begins with = or $SYSROOT, then the = or $SYSROOT is
           replaced by the sysroot prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.

           Directories specified with -iquote apply only to the quote form of
           the directive, "#include "file"".  Directories specified with -I,
           -isystem, or -idirafter apply to lookup for both the
           "#include "file"" and "#include <file>" directives.

           You can specify any number or combination of these options on the
           command line to search for header files in several directories.
           The lookup order is as follows:

           1.  For the quote form of the include directive, the directory of
               the current file is searched first.

           2.  For the quote form of the include directive, the directories
               specified by -iquote options are searched in left-to-right
               order, as they appear on the command line.

           3.  Directories specified with -I options are scanned in left-to-
               right order.

           4.  Directories specified with -isystem options are scanned in
               left-to-right order.

           5.  Standard system directories are scanned.

           6.  Directories specified with -idirafter options are scanned in
               left-to-right order.

           You can use -I to override a system header file, substituting your
           own version, since these directories are searched before the
           standard system header file directories.  However, you should not
           use this option to add directories that contain vendor-supplied
           system header files; use -isystem for that.

           The -isystem and -idirafter options also mark the directory as a
           system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment that
           is applied to the standard system directories.

           If a standard system include directory, or a directory specified
           with -isystem, is also specified with -I, the -I option is ignored.
           The directory is still searched but as a system directory at its
           normal position in the system include chain.  This is to ensure
           that GCC's procedure to fix buggy system headers and the ordering
           for the "#include_next" directive are not inadvertently changed.
           If you really need to change the search order for system
           directories, use the -nostdinc and/or -isystem options.

       -I- Split the include path.  This option has been deprecated.  Please
           use -iquote instead for -I directories before the -I- and remove
           the -I- option.

           Any directories specified with -I options before -I- are searched
           only for headers requested with "#include "file""; they are not
           searched for "#include <file>".  If additional directories are
           specified with -I options after the -I-, those directories are
           searched for all #include directives.

           In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of the current
           file directory as the first search directory for "#include "file"".
           There is no way to override this effect of -I-.

       -iprefix prefix
           Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
           If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
           /.

       -iwithprefix dir
       -iwithprefixbefore dir
           Append dir to the prefix specified previously with -iprefix, and
           add the resulting directory to the include search path.
           -iwithprefixbefore puts it in the same place -I would; -iwithprefix
           puts it where -idirafter would.

       -isysroot dir
           This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to
           header files (except for Darwin targets, where it applies to both
           header files and libraries).  See the --sysroot option for more
           information.

       -imultilib dir
           Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-
           specific C++ headers.

       -nostdinc
           Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
           Only the directories explicitly specified with -I, -iquote,
           -isystem, and/or -idirafter options (and the directory of the
           current file, if appropriate) are searched.

       -nostdinc++
           Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
           directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
           (This option is used when building the C++ library.)

       -Wcomment
       -Wcomments
           Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /* comment,
           or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a // comment.  This
           warning is enabled by -Wall.

       -Wtrigraphs
           Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning
           of the program.  Trigraphs within comments are not warned about,
           except those that would form escaped newlines.

           This option is implied by -Wall.  If -Wall is not given, this
           option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled.  To get
           trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other -Wall
           warnings, use -trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs.

       -Wundef
           Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an "#if" directive.
           Such identifiers are replaced with zero.

       -Wexpansion-to-defined
           Warn whenever defined is encountered in the expansion of a macro
           (including the case where the macro is expanded by an #if
           directive).  Such usage is not portable.  This warning is also
           enabled by -Wpedantic and -Wextra.

       -Wunused-macros
           Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused.  A
           macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
           once.  The preprocessor also warns if the macro has not been used
           at the time it is redefined or undefined.

           Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
           defined in include files are not warned about.

           Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
           conditional blocks, then the preprocessor reports it as unused.  To
           avoid the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of
           the macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the first
           skipped block.  Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with
           something like:

                   #if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
                   #endif

       -Wno-endif-labels
           Do not warn whenever an "#else" or an "#endif" are followed by
           text.  This sometimes happens in older programs with code of the
           form

                   #if FOO
                   ...
                   #else FOO
                   ...
                   #endif FOO

           The second and third "FOO" should be in comments.  This warning is
           on by default.

ENVIRONMENT
       This section describes the environment variables that affect how CPP
       operates.  You can use them to specify directories or prefixes to use
       when searching for include files, or to control dependency output.

       Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as
       -I, and control dependency output with options like -M.  These take
       precedence over environment variables, which in turn take precedence
       over the configuration of GCC.

       CPATH
       C_INCLUDE_PATH
       CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
       OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH
           Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a
           special character, much like PATH, in which to look for header
           files.  The special character, "PATH_SEPARATOR", is target-
           dependent and determined at GCC build time.  For Microsoft Windows-
           based targets it is a semicolon, and for almost all other targets
           it is a colon.

           CPATH specifies a list of directories to be searched as if
           specified with -I, but after any paths given with -I options on the
           command line.  This environment variable is used regardless of
           which language is being preprocessed.

           The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing
           the particular language indicated.  Each specifies a list of
           directories to be searched as if specified with -isystem, but after
           any paths given with -isystem options on the command line.

           In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler to
           search its current working directory.  Empty elements can appear at
           the beginning or end of a path.  For instance, if the value of
           CPATH is ":/special/include", that has the same effect as
           -I. -I/special/include.

       DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT
           If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output
           dependencies for Make based on the non-system header files
           processed by the compiler.  System header files are ignored in the
           dependency output.

           The value of DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT can be just a file name, in which
           case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the target
           name from the source file name.  Or the value can have the form
           file target, in which case the rules are written to file file using
           target as the target name.

           In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to
           combining the options -MM and -MF, with an optional -MT switch too.

       SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES
           This variable is the same as DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT (see above),
           except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies -M
           rather than -MM.  However, the dependence on the main input file is
           omitted.

       SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
           If this variable is set, its value specifies a UNIX timestamp to be
           used in replacement of the current date and time in the "__DATE__"
           and "__TIME__" macros, so that the embedded timestamps become
           reproducible.

           The value of SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH must be a UNIX timestamp, defined as
           the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) since 01 Jan 1970
           00:00:00 represented in ASCII; identical to the output of
           @command{date +%s} on GNU/Linux and other systems that support the
           %s extension in the "date" command.

           The value should be a known timestamp such as the last modification
           time of the source or package and it should be set by the build
           process.

SEE ALSO
       gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), gcc(1), and the Info entries for cpp
       and gcc.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 1987-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
       any later version published by the Free Software Foundation.  A copy of
       the license is included in the man page gfdl(7).  This manual contains
       no Invariant Sections.  The Front-Cover Texts are (a) (see below), and
       the Back-Cover Texts are (b) (see below).

       (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

            A GNU Manual

       (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

            You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
            software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
            funds for GNU development.

gcc-9                             2021-06-01                            CPP(1)
Man Pages Copyright Respective Owners. Site Copyright (C) 1994 - 2024 Hurricane Electric. All Rights Reserved.